Aging and Disability Worksheet - 1334 Words

Associate Program Material Aging and Disability Worksheet Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1. Loss of loved ones 2. Mobility 3. Discrimination due to age Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is prejudice against a group who is of old age and discriminated against solely based on their age. This group is usually men and women whose age is 40 or older. It has a great influence today. Society at times views older men and women as a liabilities and or incompetent to perform tasks that younger individuals can perform accordingly†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? Yes, it is expected to increase and this is also due to the fact of the baby boomer era. The population grew drastically between the years of 1946-1964, due to the rapid growth and the large numbers born during that time, it is said that by 2030, 46% of the population will be 65 or older. By taking these numbers into consideration that makes one in five people will be of old age by 2030 †¢ What types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? One of the biggest issues that will be affected is Social Security benefits and medical care for everyone. Today twelve percent of the total population is age 65older; by 2080 it will be up to 23%. However at the same time the working-age is shrinking every year, right now the working-age it is 60% and it is believed to drop to 45% by 2080. Social Security is experiencing low work-to-beneficiary ratio which will fall from 3.3 percent in 2005 to two percent in 2040. That is the year that is believed to be when the Social Security trust fund will have been exhausted. Due to this there will be significant challenges that policymakers and all future Americans. Because of that policymakers are now encouraging many to delay retirement and some people are even suggesting that retirement benefits be lowered the main reason for the suggestion is people are living longer than they used to. †¢ How doesShow MoreRelatedAging and Disability Worksheet1910 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Associate Program Material Aging and Disability Worksheet Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1. Health Issues 2. Income and Economic Welfare 3. Neglect and Abuse Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is a form of discrimination and prejudice, particularly experienced by seniors. Most seniorsRead MoreEssay Aging and Disability Worksheet1522 Words   |  7 PagesAging and Disability Worksheet Part 1 Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population 1. Health 2. Job security 3. Lack of respect from the younger youth 1. What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is a negative bias against a person or group of people on the grounds of age. Ageism or age discrimination is stereotyping against individuals or groups because of their age. It is usually focused on two targets: young adults and olderRead MoreAging and Disability Worksheet Part I Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesAssociate Program Material Aging and Disability Worksheet Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1. Ageism 2. Social isolation 3. Retirement Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is a form of discrimination. Ageism is being prejudice against someone because of their age. NormallyRead MoreDiversity Worksheet1946 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Appendix I Aging and Disability Worksheet University of Phoenix ETH/125 Rob Fralick February 23, 2014 Associate Program Material Aging and Disability Worksheet Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1 Health 2 Income 3 Lonliness Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is prejudice and discriminationRead MoreEssay on Eth125 R8 Disability Diversity1763 Words   |  8 PagesAssociate Program Material Aging and Disability Worksheet Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1. Lack of security for the future (social security dwindling) 2. Unable to afford being able to retire 3. Being alone Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is prejudice or discriminationRead MoreHotel/Motel Market Analysis 23903 Words   |  16 Pagessoftware for developing hotel and motel financial projections are available through University of Wisconsin-Extension Center for Community Economic Development. Conducting Your Analysis The sections that follow include data collection checklists and worksheets. While the section on projecting occupancy and average room rate should be the final step, the other sections can be completed in any order. Remember that your efforts in studying the market will provide you with information to make better,Read MoreDaily Physical Activity Can Improve Exercise Tolerance And Functional Capacity5823 Words   |  24 Pagestest for evidence-based practice. Introduction Over six million American’s have a diagnosis of heart failure with a projected 670,000 new cases per year (Braunwald, 2012). People over the age of 70 carry the greatest burden of chronic disease, disability, and health care use (Guralnik, Leveielle, Hirsch, Ferrucci, Fried, 1997). Participation in physical activity is crucial for health, and walking accounts for much of the physical activity undertaken by sedentary individuals and those with chronicRead MoreEvaluating The Viability Of A Business Idea By Providing An Overview4953 Words   |  20 Pagesfirst five years, Stacy’s Helping Hand plans to operate in the Central Valley. The store, located in central Porterville, serves the different neighboring cities and counties. The target market is those requiring special assistance, because of disabilities or age preventing them from doing everyday living tasks. Why Stacy’s Helping Hand for Special Needs? The aisles at many stores, especially Wal-Mart, constantly cluttered and located too close together, making it difficult for consumers to shopRead MoreContent Analysis of Focus Group Data7519 Words   |  31 Pagesself through change. Focus group research is established as a method for gaining in-depth understanding of the perceptions of individuals within a group. In this format, individual participants share their perceptions of everyday phenomena such as aging, emergencies, sports events, or interventions (Hu, Rao, Hu, SC Sur, 2007; Jones, Richeson, Croteau, Farmer, 2009). Morgan (1996) describes the advantage of focus group research as the learning that is achieved through moderated group interactionRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestechnology or health care. The increase in the technology jobs is due to the rapid increase in the use of information technology, such as databases, system design and analysis, and desktop publishing. The health care jobs are growing as a result of the aging of the U.S. population and workforce, a factor discussed later. Chapter 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management 5 FIGURE 1—1 The 10 Occupations with the Fastest Employment Growth, 1996—2006 Numbers in Thousands of Jobs Occupation Database

The Effects of Classical Music on Individual - 3091 Words

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research paper is made possible through the help and support from everyone, including: parents, teachers, family, friends, and in essence, all sentient beings. Especially, please allow me to dedicate my acknowledgment of gratitude toward the following significant advisors and contributors: First and foremost, I would like to thank Kamal Vai who is the lead guitarist of the band Aurthohin and one of the most renowned musician of our country for his support and encouragement. He gave me numerous valuable information and admiration to my research. And my course instructor for giving me guidelines and supports through the research. Secondly, I would like to thank my friends Zahid Neloy, Nahid Islam and Nahian Mahmud†¦show more content†¦The effects of classical music can vary from person to person. There is a term called The Mozart Effect which refers to effects on the pregnant woman and the newborn baby. Classical music improves cognitive ability which has positive impact on both young and old. However, it is commonly agreed that music has a profound effect on mood, spatial intelligence, memory and language. This is why in the west it is used as background music in some schools. BACKGROUND Studies suggest that listening to classical music decreases tension and improves mood (Rea et al., 2010). Research also indicates that playing music enhances specific aspects of intelligence such as verbal ability and spatial-temporal reasoning, though it does not increase general intelligence. Classical Music and Linguistic Abilities A number of research studies have supported the fact that classical music can have a positive effect on linguistic abilities. One study found that those who listened to Vivaldi while exercising increased their scores on verbal fluency tests after their workouts compared to those who exercised without music (Ohio State University, 2004). Another study of 90 boys in Hong Kong between the ages of 6 and 15 found that those who learned to play music with their school’s string orchestra program scored higher on tests of verbal memory than a control group that did not receive musical training. The boys in the music groupShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Rock And Classical Music On The Heart Rate Of Grade 11 Girls1253 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Knowing how music affects heart rate can allow athletes to choose the correct music to make them more motivated and energized during their training sessions enhancing their performance and improving their competitive results; in addition knowledge of what genre of music could decrease their performance and times is equally important (Roth, 2013). It is important to know if the music has the ability soothe ill patients in hospitals as it may reduce their heart rate to in turn reduceRead MoreMusic Makes Children Smarter : Music Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Makes Children Smarter Music in many ways. has a potential to allure an individual, especially children, to improve their intellect, when involved in music. Schools and organizations had researched and estimated that schools with music curriculum, have more graduation and successful rates than school that do not doesn’t have music subjects. Universities have concluded that a specific part of our brain had a major role that can progress to become intellectual when exposed to classical musicRead MoreClassical Music And The Music1478 Words   |  6 Pagesattention of everyone in the music hall. The conductor, Evan Feldman, and the UNC Symphonic and Woodwind Orchestra at Memorial Hall elegantly performed several classical pieces that was widely enjoyed by classical enthusiasts and family members. The concert supplied the audience with a night that at times, brought calmness and serenity, but at others gave abrupt aggression and force. Today, classical music is considered traditional and one of the ear liest forms of music played in concert halls. ThusRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Brain And Body1638 Words   |  7 PagesVarious studies have shown different effects of music on the brain and body. According to the results of a study published in Neuroscience Letters, listening to a piece of music interpreted as happy or sad can make a person perceive a neutral face as either happy or sad. PET scans have been performed on a variety of people, some scans focusing on a person’s brain activity while listening to a piece of music, and some scans focusing on a person’s brain activity while playing a musical instrument.Read MoreMusic: the Medicine of the Mind784 Words   |  4 PagesMusic can have effects on the human brain that are hard to exaggerate. For instance, a mere snippet of song can trigger one’s memories so vividly. A tune can induce emotions ranging from unabashed joy to deep sorrow and can drive listeners into states of patriotic fervour or religi ous frenzy--to say nothing of its legendary ability to soothe the savage beast. The study of how music affects the mind and the interconnection between music and the physical and mental health of human beings has been aRead MoreMusic Is A Magical Piece Of History879 Words   |  4 Pages Music is a magical piece of history, and has changed throughout history with the changing of generations. As culture changes music changes as well. Artists have found a way to use music, art, and fashion throughout history as a way to convey feelings of love, sadness, frustration, and death. Musicians find a way to move their listeners with the sounds they hear. With every rise and fall of a note and change in melody or tempo, listeners find themselves holding their breath or possibly wiping awayRead MoreMusic And Its Effect On Music1490 Words   |  6 PagesMusic Itself Does Not Distract You Music is prevalent, so that it is extremely easy to find a place or situation with music played on. Not only does people enjoy music when they dance or sing, throw parties, but also they enjoy music when they drive, study or work. In other words, people live with music and music is an everyday thing. They, contrarily, think that the pieces of music are distractors when they need to concentrate on their works. This is why, especially, most of parents and teachersRead MoreRomanticism in Music Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in Music Romantic: of, characterized by, or suggestive of an idealised, sentimental, or fantastic view of reality#8230; concerned more with feeling and emotion than with form and aesthetic qualities. The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Eighth edition, 1991. The term romantic first appeared at sometime during the latter half of the 18th Century, meaning in quite literal English, romance-like, usually referring to the character of mythical medieval romances. The first significantRead MoreShort Note On Short Term Memory Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesattention when needed; a visuospatial sketchpad, which allows individuals to store visualized images; an episodic buffer, where working memory components are temporarily stored up until retrieval; and a phonological loop, the process of repeating information by practicing either verbally or cognitively. In Woo and Kanachi’s study (2005), university students in Japan were asked to memorize a given list of words and were either placed into a no music group, where the participants had to memorize as manyRead MoreAp Statistics Report: What Music Does to Memory1109 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Music Does to Memory... By: Denellea McIntosh and Nichole Pierce AP Statistics Period 1 Purpose Music, one of the many factors that enhance our lives, has been a widely ranged field. From Classical music to Hip Hop, there are listeners of all ages, each having their own preference of music. Through research, it has been discovered that memory can be affected by many different factors, including music. Music has been found to stimulate parts of the brain, alleviating stress and depression

Relationships Perceptions Organizational -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relationships Perceptions Organizational? Answer: Introducation The author helps in understanding the usage of the external interventions such as different systems of command and economic incentives decreases the intrinsic motivation of the employees. According to Mikkelsen, Jacobsen and Andersen (2017), the internal reward system has to be such that this will help in making the individuals being more competitive in nature. The definition of intrinsic motivation has been explained wherein it is internal form of motivation and the employees strive towards personal kind of satisfaction along with accomplishment. The objective of the article is to understand that that the perception of the employees is essential in nature as to gain competitive advantage.The article helped in analyzing along with exploring the different connections between perceptions of the individuals, different enforcement actions of the different managers in different organizations. There are different examples on employee motivation that is based on intrinsic factors and that a re essential in nature for making the employees perform in an effective manner. The main factor that has been considered in the respective article is related to the perception of employees in different organizations in an effective manner. The paper helps in making the readers understand about the impact of intrinsic motivation on the performance of employees. It has been mentioned that the perception of individuals is essential to motivate themselves in an effective and effluent manner. Porter, T.H., Riesenmy, K.D. and Fields, D., 2016. Work environment and employee motivation to lead: Moderating effects of personal characteristics.American Journal of Business,31(2), pp.66-84. The main concept that has been discussed in the respective article is related to the key challenges faced by different organizations. The article helps in identification of the different consideration that will help the employee to motivate and lead in the organization. Furthermore, there have been different researches that have been conducted that included different personality along with different leadership experiences. According to Porter, Riesenmy and Fields (2016), there has been a different assessment of employees that have been analyzed that plays a substantial role in the determination of motivation of employees that will help them to lead the company. The main aim of the paper was to discuss the different issues related to human resource practices. The design or the methodology that has been used in the article is related to the exploration of the role of assessment of the employees along with determinants of three kinds of MTL. The main impact of the culture of the organiz ation along with assessment of employees has been investigated in the paper. The hierarchical multiple analysis of regression has been used in the testing of the respective hypothesis. The main ideas were related to development of leadership along with engagement of employees. The concept related to motivation to lead has been analyzed in the article along with analysis of the performance of the employees.Boukas, N., 2014. Segmenting youth tourists to cultural heritage destinations: motivational determinants and experiential characteristics. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 4(1), pp.63-89. The basis of the article helps in analyzing the different motivational determinants that are required in the workplace. According to Boukas (2014), the focus is on the performance of the different employees in the organizations along with the different motivational factors that are considered in the workplace for increasing the productivity of the employees. The paper contributes in analyzing the literature with the help of the evidence that provides a causal link between the different satisfactions and needs of the employees. The main objective of the article is to analyze the importance of motivation on the performance of the organization along with employees. It has been stated that the job performance of the different employees in the organization is dependent on the motivational factors that has impact on the tasks performed by them. It has been discussed in the article that the productivity increases in the organization wherein there is implementation of different motivational factors. The employee motivation is essential in nature as this is vital for the entire business and help in achieving the business goals (Boukas 2014). The motivational factors help in achieving the higher level of output for the organization and this helps in evaluating the performance of employees. Datta, Y., 2014. Maslows hierarchy of basic needs: An ecological view. Oxford Journal: An International Journal of Business Economics, 8(1). The paper helps in examining along with building on the positive theory on motivation that is based on the hierarchy needs of motivation. A detailed explanation of the different needs has been done in relation to providing motivation to the individuals has been analyzed in the respective article. In the paper, it has been explained that theory of Maslow has link with satisfying private along with public needs. Furthermore, transcendent needs have been added in the pinnacle of the basic requirements that has been stated in Maslows hierarchy theory.The respective paper helps in analyzing the ecological view of the basic needs that has been involved in it. According to Datta (2014), it has been seen that huge significance has been provided to the transcendent needs that will help the organization in analyzing the difference between the needs of individuals and group needs. It has been seen that the need theory of Maslow focuses on the individuals and not overall objectives of the team. The article provides a view on self-actualization process along with needs that provides safety, self-esteem and physiological needs. Lastly, it can be seen that the article discusses the positive theory of different needs of individuals. The article helps in analyzing the different kind of private relationships with family, friends and relatives. The importance of different kind of severe challenges has been identified regarding the transcendent needs of the different individuals along with motivational factors that are essential to be provided to employees for generating huge productivity. Hur, Y., 2017. Testing Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in the Public Sector: Is it Applicable to Public Managers?.Public Organization Review, pp.1-15. The main purpose of the article was to identify the hypothesis testing that has been done on Herzbergs theory of motivation and hygiene. The article and the entire study have conducted with the help of the different public and private sector employees. A comparison analysis has been done between the public and private sector employees as this will help in comparing the hygiene and motivation factors. The methodology that has been used in this particular case is related to the comparison analysis along with hypothesis test. The technique that has been used is t-test and it was computed in order to test the formulated hypothesis in an effective manner. The analysis was conducted in order to determine the significant differences that were revealed between groups of employees. The results of the particular analysis were related to the motivational factors that are required to motivate the employees by providing job enrichment and security in the job. Both intrinsic along with extrinsic f actors are considered in the article that is compared with both hygiene and motivational factors. According to Hur (2017), the article has provided more focus on the hygiene or extrinsic factors that are significant in nature in the different private sectors. The satisfaction among the different employees has been discussed in the article. Purvis, R.L., Zagenczyk, T.J. and McCray, G.E., 2015. What's in it for me? Using expectancy theory and climate to explain stakeholder participation, its direction and intensity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(1), pp.3-14. The article helps in describing the importance of the expectancy value model that helps in offering influential models for understanding the concept of motivation. However, one of the main aspects has been missed out in the article that has been largely ignored in the empirical research. The three elements of expectancy theory have been explained in the article that included the valence, instrumentality and expectancy theory. The careful attention was analyzed in order to operationalize the dimensions of the cost in different contexts of motivation. The different concept that has been described in the article is related to cost, expectancy model, scale development and measurement of the participation of stakeholders. According to Purvis et al. (2015), the article helps in explaining the process through which the behavior of individuals is influenced in a manner along with value components. The methodology that has been used in the research about expectancy theory is confirmatory fact or analysis and correlational study. In the entire literature, the analysis of the different value components has been discussed that includes implications of the motivational concepts in the organizations. The main objective of the study is to analyze the different dimensions of motivation that include study of the motivational factors that is necessary in nature. Lawter, L., Kopelman, R.E. and Prottas, D.J., 2015. McGregor's theory X/Y and job performance: A multilevel, multi-source analysis. Journal of Managerial Issues, 27(1-4), p.84. The main idea of the respective article is relating to the X and Y theory that has been proposed by McGregor. Lawter, Kopelman and Prottas (2015), commented that the X and Y approaches are different from one another wherein X kind of individuals are the ones who are not interested to work on their own and they are dissatisfied with the job that are performed by them. On the other hand, an analysis has been done for Y approach wherein employees are self-motivated and they perform their tasks in an effective manner. The article explains about importance of the motivational factors that requires to be provided to the employees. The different motivational approaches has been analyzed with different other theories that helps in understanding the motivational factors. The objective of the article is to investigate and explain the X and Y approach in such a manner that this analyzed the behavior of the individuals in an effective manner. The theories have been explained it in the article al ong with comparison with the X and Y theory of McGregor. Lastly, the managerial issues have been analyzed in the respective article that includes differences in the approaches in multi source analysis that included idea on the perceptions of individuals. Olafsen, A.H., Halvari, H., Forest, J. and Deci, E.L., 2015. Show them the money? The role of pay, managerial need support, and justice in a self?determination theory model of intrinsic work motivation. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 56(4), pp.447-457. The entire paper helps in analyzing the performance of the employees in the respective organization. The analysis has been done on the relationship between the job security and equal treatment of employees in different organizations. The paper helps in understanding about the growth, relatedness and existence needs that is required by individuals. The significance of motivation is essential and is explained with proper methods. According to Olafsen et al. (2015), the research methodology process were data surveys, proper data analysis has been done. The questionnaire was prepared in order to understand the different views of the individuals who were interviewed and provided answers. The paper helps in explaining that significance of motivation on the performance of employees. It has been explained that equal treatment of employees is essential in nature as good working conditions is required to be provided as to increase growth and existence needs. It has been investigated that organ izations should be willing to provide intrinsic motivation to the employees as to generate huge productivity. The description has been provided in the article that is related to the quality of working life along with different intrinsic motivational techniques. The priority analysis has been done in the article that explains the relationship between the individuals in the workplace. Yen, W.W., 2015. Relationships among perceptions of organizational politics (POPs), work motivation and salesperson performance. Journal of Management Organization, 21(2), pp.203-216. According to Yen (2015), the article helps in explaining the different organizational politics and work motivation provided in different organizations. The difference between salesperson and office employees has been described along with perceptions of politics in organization. The expectancy theory has been analyzed in the article wherein the objective is to provide extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to the individuals in the workplace. The methodology that has been used in the article is based on providing different questionnaires to the employees in different organizations. The motivational approach has been analyzed in different approaches they are aware of and they use in the respective organizations as well. The survey was conducted in such a manner that helped in understanding the performance of the employees. Furthermore, a separate survey was conducted for the salesperson and the relationship was analyzed in such a manner that this helped in understanding the negative along with positive comments in the motivational approach. The three hypotheses have been conducted and the responses have been analyzed from the different employees and salesperson. The impact of the hypotheses is done as this helps in analyzing the effect of motivation on the different employees. Lastly, the inconsistency in the motivational approach has been described in the article that included the performance of both employees and sales person. Barrick, M.R., Thurgood, G.R., Smith, T.A. and Courtright, S.H., 2015. Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), pp.111-135. The article talks about the comprehensive organizational commitment that is required in different companies for making employees perform better. The proper linkage between the different antecedents of motivation along with strategic implementation has been done. The evaluation of different practices related to organizational commitments is described in an effective manner. The different analysis that is related to enhancing the objectives of the organization has been analyzed in such a manner that this will help in motivating the employees in the organization. The different perceptions has been analyzed in the article with the objective of understanding antecedents of motivation required for enhancing effects of organizational engagement. Furthermore, there has been analysis of different theories of motivation has been described in such a manner that has provided evidence that collective organizational engagement for improving the performance. According to Barrick (2015), the strateg ic implementation has been analyzed in such a manner that this helped us in understanding the different strategy of different firms in an effective manner. The resource management model has been explained in the article that helps in maximizing the implementing and monitoring the progress. Lastly, the value of top management has been explained in such a manner that helps in evaluating the grounded notion that has been explained. References Barrick, M.R., Thurgood, G.R., Smith, T.A. and Courtright, S.H., 2015. Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), pp.111-135. Boukas, N., 2014. Segmenting youth tourists to cultural heritage destinations: motivational determinants and experiential characteristics. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 4(1), pp.63-89. Datta, Y., 2014. Maslows hierarchy of basic needs: An ecological view. Oxford Journal: An International Journal of Business Economics, 8(1). Hur, Y., 2017. Testing Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in the Public Sector: Is it Applicable to Public Managers?.Public Organization Review, pp.1-15. Lawter, L., Kopelman, R.E. and Prottas, D.J., 2015. McGregor's theory X/Y and job performance: A multilevel, multi-source analysis. Journal of Managerial Issues, 27(1-4), p.84. Mikkelsen, M.F., Jacobsen, C.B. and Andersen, L.B., 2017. Managing employee motivation: Exploring the connections between managers enforcement actions, employee perceptions, and employee intrinsic motivation. International Public Management Journal, 20(2), pp.183-205. Olafsen, A.H., Halvari, H., Forest, J. and Deci, E.L., 2015. Show them the money? The role of pay, managerial need support, and justice in a self?determination theory model of intrinsic work motivation. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 56(4), pp.447-457. Porter, T.H., Riesenmy, K.D. and Fields, D., 2016. Work environment and employee motivation to lead: Moderating effects of personal characteristics.American Journal of Business,31(2), pp.66-84. Purvis, R.L., Zagenczyk, T.J. and McCray, G.E., 2015. What's in it for me? Using expectancy theory and climate to explain stakeholder participation, its direction and intensity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(1), pp.3-14. Yen, W.W., 2015. Relationships among perceptions of organizational politics (POPs), work motivation and salesperson performance. Journal of Management Organization, 21(2), pp.203-216.

What methods does Shakespeare employ Essay Example For Students

What methods does Shakespeare employ? Essay What methods does Shakespeare employ to engage interest of the audience in the Prologue and Act 1, scenes 1, 2 and 3 in Romeo and Juliet? Romeo and Juliet is a romantic tragedy set in the great city of Verona in Italy. The play concerns two noble but feuding families, the Montagues and the Capulets. Their feud has become so intense in the time of the play that bloody brawls are fought in the usually quiet and peaceful streets of Verona. These brawls involve even the servants of the rival families who cannot pass each other in the street without drawing swords! Within these two families are the two title characters that fall deeply in love which other. Romeo of the Montagues is a young man who is unable to get over his last love, Rosaline. This changes when he sees his love of first sight, Juliet of the Capulets. Juliets parents have plans for her to marry a wealthy young man named Paris, yet Juliet does not love him and has already married Romeo in secret. Romeo is banished from Verona and his plans to unite with Juliet go horribly wrong, ending with the deaths of the two lovers. The play ends with the two families uni ting. We will write a custom essay on What methods does Shakespeare employ? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Throughout the play Shakespeare uses a wide range of dramatic devices to engage the interest of his audience. This was important if only to overcome the physical discomfort for the audience as the theatres in Shakespeares day were far from how they are today and the audiences interest could therefore easily be lost. A story of star-crossed lovers would not have been new to an Elizabethan audience. The tragedy itself was also unusual in that it did not involve heroic figures such as kings and emperors; instead, it involved people in a provincial city. In addition, Shakespeare could not rely on special effects or extra lighting. He therefore had to use changes in language and form that would hold the audiences attention and heighten their expectations for the tragedy to come. Shakespeares originality in using language and form to hold his audience begins with the Prologue which is performed by a chorus. He uses a fourteen line sonnet to describe the two noble houses in Verona and their ongoing feud. A lesser playwright would probably have used prose. The Prologue states that from these two houses, there are two star- crossed lovers, whose story of love and tragedy makes up the two hours traffic of our stage: The which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, out toil shall strive to mend. A Prologue such as this is also a most original and convenient device to introduce the plot to the audience. We are provided, in poetic language, information about where the play takes place, and given some background information about its principal characters. The Prologue does not merely set the scene of Romeo and Juliet; it tells the audience exactly what is going to happen in the play: From forth the fatal loins of these two foes, A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life: The audience is therefore informed that Romeo and Juliet are to die even before the play has begun. This engages the interest of the audience because it is an unusual way to introduce a play, describing the whole story and unveiling the main tragedy before it has actually happened, and it makes the audience watch carefully to see how the play fulfills the expectations set by the Prologue. In addition, Shakespeare uses words such as our and you when referring to the audience, thus indirectly involving them and making them feel part of the play as they are being personally addressed. .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f , .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .postImageUrl , .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f , .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f:hover , .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f:visited , .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f:active { border:0!important; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f:active , .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7129daeb4374eda0dd1b9236a62fbe4f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Many times a playwright EssayThe variety of theme between each scene creates major contrasts. This is shown in the change from Scene One to Scene Two, Scene One being a comical fight between members of the opposing houses and Scene Two, a passionate discussion on various aspects of love. Contrasts in subject are also shown in the characters dialogues. At the beginning of Scene Two, old lord Capulet and Paris, a young man of wealth and high status who wishes to marry Juliet, Capulets young daughter, are discussing the feud between the Montagues and Capulets. After a short reply from Paris, the subject is suddenly changed from war to love with Paris enquiring: But now my lord, what say you to my suit? Paris is asking what Capulet has to say about his request to marry Juliet. This major contrast from bloody feuding to love is a frequent change throughout the play. The two themes together will bring the play to its final tragedy and dramatic finale when love brings hate to an end. The audience is interested to see how this will happen. The talk of Paris marrying Juliet is the first the audience has heard about a possible union between the two, this acting as another obstruction that Romeo will soon have to pass. However, it seems that Capulet can be a kind hearted man as he realizes Juliets position to choose for herself on whom she marries: But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart My will to her consent is but a part. But his power to force her into a marriage if he feels it necessary is noticeably present from his general personality. Therefore parental influence in this story becomes a means of fate: Juliets arranged marriage with Paris, and the feud between Capulets and Montagues, will eventually contribute to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. The means that determinants of their fate are laid in place well before Romeo and Juliet even meet. This is clear to the audience from the Prologue and their knowledge is greater than that of Romeo and Juliets. The audience is therefore interested to see how Paris, Romeo and Juliet, along with the family feuds and social burdens all contribute to the final tragedy. Shakespeare also introduces an unexpected surprise for the audience in Scene Two by declaring Romeos love for Rosaline: One fairer than my love! The all-seeing sun Neer saw her match, since first the world begun. With the play entitled Romeo and Juliet, the audience would automatically expect the play to be based on the events entailed in the love between Romeo and Juliet. The audience would now be interested how Rosaline, a character who has not yet been introduced, fits into the story and helps it to develop. The audience never sees or even hears Rosaline but only knows through Romeos words that she does not require his love. Shakespeare may have purposefully kept her away, making her a mysterious character which would interest the audience to find out more about her and underline what a sincere and passionate lover Romeo is. Shakespeare uses the Clown, a common feature of his plays, to cleverly merge a twist of humor into the developing plot in Scene Two. Capulet is holding an old accustomed feast and he has ordered the Clown to invite the names written on the given list. However the clown faces one clear problem, he cannot read! It is akin to asking a tailor to use a last or a shoemaker to use a yard. The audience would be able to relate to this as many would also be unable to read, Shakespeares plays attracting a wide range of people of different intelligence, wealth and social status. The clown is luckily saved by Romeo who is able to read the list for him. Irony as well as humor is shown here as a clown or servant is there to assist those of need but here, the clown depends on Romeos help. .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 , .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .postImageUrl , .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 , .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06:hover , .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06:visited , .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06:active { border:0!important; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06:active , .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06 .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua15ac4a911c775b712aea5e872dc7f06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What impressions do we gain of Oedipus as a king and as a man EssayThree scenes into the play, the audience finally meet the second title character, Juliet. She is with her mother, Lady Capulet and the Nurse who raised Juliet from infancy. Lady Capulet is putting pressure on Juliet to think about Paris as a husband before Juliet has even began to think of marriage at all. There is a humorous interplay between the Nurse and Lady Capulet when they try to work out Juliets age. Juliet gives into the influence and pressure of Lady Capulet and the Nurse who both wish to see Juliet and Paris marry: Ill look to like of looking liking move, But no more deep will I endart mine eye Than your consent gives strength to make it fly The audiences attention would be immediately attracted by this as Juliet has considered marrying Paris despite the audience already knowing that Juliet will soon fall in love with Romeo. This heightens the expectation of the audience to find out what will happen between Romeo and Juliet and what involvement will Paris have. This question is answered in Scene Four at the Capulets party which Romeo, Mercutio and Benvolio of the Montagues attend, uninvited and masked. Shakespeare stretches the suspense of the audience even further as they will be desperate to find what will erupt from the party after already witnessing past battles between the two houses. Shakespeares powers as both a dramatist and poet are further used to heighten the audiences interest in this tragedy of love. The Prologue, in sonnet form, introduces the whole play and is a beautiful way in which to do so. Scene One features a quarrel between servants and family members of the feuding households. In contrast to the Prologue, this is in recited by the characters in straightforward prose until the intervention of the Prince of Verona who speaks in stern blank verse. Throughout the first three scenes, there is poetry of great beauty and variety. For example, old Montague describes his son, Romeo, who is saddened by Rosaline not returning his love: Many a morning hath he there been seen, With tears augmenting the fresh mornings dew, Adding to clouds more clouds with his deep sighs; He ends this speech with a rhymed couplet: Black and portentous must this humour prove Unless good counsel may the cause remove There is different language for brawling and for love and sadness and different language for different characters: the Clown and the Nurse speak in prose whereas the nobility speak in verse, often with rhymed couplets. This contrasting language is very much in evidence in the first three scenes, even before the arrival of Juliet, and continues throughout the play in order to convey the unfolding drama. It mirrors and enhances the other dramatic devices Shakespeare uses to enhance the audiences interest. Shakespeares unusual style of prologue in which the whole story and the final tragedy is declared in sonnet form is the first ingredient used to engage the interest of the audience in Romeo and Juliet. The audience is eager to see how the events in the play result in the final tragedy. Shakespeare then employs contrast of themes and variety between scenes to which he added a variety of prose and verse forms to ensure audience expectations are realized and their interest is not lost. The audience is always interested to see how these dramatic and poetic devices are used to link with the events foretold in the Prologue of a love tragedy that ends in union between the noble families.

Red-Eyed Tree Frog Facts

Red-Eyed Tree Frog Facts The red-eyed tree frog (Agalychnis callidrayas) is a small, non-poisonous tropical frog. The scientific name of the frog derives from the Greek words kalos (beautiful) and dryas (wood nymph). The name refers to the frogs vibrant coloration. Fast Facts: Red-Eyed Tree Frog Scientific Name: Agalychnis callidryasCommon Name: Red-eyed tree frogBasic Animal Group: AmphibianSize: 2-3 inchesWeight: 0.2-0.5 ouncesLifespan: 5 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Central AmericaPopulation: AbundantConservation Status: Least Concern Description The red-eyed tree frog is a small arboreal species. Adult males are smaller (2 inches) than adult females (3 inches). Adults have orange-red eyes with verticals slits. The frogs body is bright green with blue and yellow stripes on the sides. The species has webbed feet with orange or red toes. The toes have sticky pads that help the animals stick to leaves and branches. Habitat and Distribution Red-eyed tree frogs live in humid climates in trees near ponds and rivers in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. They occur from Veracruz and Oaxaca in Mexico to Panama and northern Columbia. The frogs have a relatively narrow temperature range requirement, so they only live in the rain forests and lowlands. Ideally, they require a daytime temperature from 75 to 85  °F (24 to 29  Ã‚ °C) and nighttime temperature from 66 to 77  Ã‚ °F (19 to 25  Ã‚ °C). Red-eyed tree frog distribution. Darekk2 Diet Tree frogs are insectivores that mainly hunt at night. They feed upon flies, crickets, grasshoppers, moths, and other insects. They are preyed upon by dragonflies, fish, snakes, monkeys, birds, and a variety of other predators. They are also susceptible to fungal infections. Behavior The frogs red eyes are used for a startle display called deimatic behavior. During the day, the frog camouflages itself by flattening its body against a leaf bottom so only its green back is exposed. If the frog is disturbed it flashes its red eyes and reveals its colored flanks and feet. The coloring may surprise a predator long enough for the frog to escape. While some other tropical species are poisonous, camouflage and the startle display are the red-eyed tree frogs only defense. Tree frogs use vibration to communicate. Males quiver and shake leaves to mark territory and attract females. During the day, the frog folds its colored legs beneath it. If disturbed, it opens its eyes to startle predators. Ferdinando valverde / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Mating occurs from autumn to early spring, during the peak rainfall period. Males gather around a body of water and make a chack call to attract a mate. The egg-laying process is called amplexus. During amplexus, the female carries one or more males on her back. She draws water into her body to use to lay a clutch of around 40 gel-like eggs on a leaf overhanging water. The best-positioned male fertilizes the eggs externally. If the eggs are not disturbed, they hatch within six to seven days, dropping the tadpoles into the water. However, red-eyed tree frog eggs exhibit a strategy called phenotypic plasticity, in which eggs hatch early if their survival is threatened. Tree frogs lay their eggs on leaves over water. The tadpoles fall into the water when they hatch.  ©Juan Carlos Vindas / Getty Images The yellow-eyed, brown tadpoles remain in the water for a few weeks to months, depending on environmental conditions. They change to adult colors after metamorphosis. The red-eyed tree frog lives about five years in the wild. The species will breed in captivity in a high-humidity environment with tropical plants, controlled lighting (11-12 hours daylight), and controlled temperature (26 to 28  Ã‚ °C day and 22 to 35  Ã‚ °C night). Breeding is initiated by simulating a rainy season. Captive-bred frogs often live longer than five years. Conservation Status Due to its large habitat range and protected status in some areas, the IUCN classifies the species as Least Concern. Red-eyed tree frogs are also abundant in captivity. However, the species does face challenges from deforestation, pollution, and pet trade collection. In the wild, the frogs population is decreasing. Sources Badger, David P. Frogs. Stillwater (Minn.): Voyageur Press, 1995. ISBN 9781610603911.Caldwell, Michael S.; Johnston, Gregory R.; McDaniel, J. Gregory; Warkentin, Karen M. Vibrational Signaling in the Agonistic Interactions of Red-Eyed Treefrogs. Current Biology. 20 (11): 1012–1017, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.069Savage, Jay M. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, 2002. ISBN 0-226-73537-0.Solà ­s, Frank; Ibà ±ez, Roberto; Santos-Barrera, Georgina; Jungfer, Karl-Heinz; Renjifo, Juan Manuel; Bolaà ±os, Frederico. Agalychnis callidryas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T55290A11274916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T55290A11274916.enWarkentin, Karen M. The development of behavioral defenses: a mechanistic analysis of vulnerability in red-eyed treefrog hatchlings. Behavioral Ecology. 10 (3): 251–262. 1998. doi:10.1093/beheco/10.3.251

Definition and Examples of Subvocalizing

Definition and Examples of Subvocalizing Though subvocalizing, the act of  saying words silently to oneself while reading, tends to limit how fast we can read, it isnt necessarily an undesirable habit. As Emerald Dechant observes, It seems likely that speech traces are a part of all, or nearly all, thinking and probably even silent reading. . . . That speech aids thinking was recognized by early philosophers and psychologists (Understanding and Teaching Reading). Examples of Subvocalizing A powerful but woefully under-discussed influence on readers is the sound of your written words, which they hear inside their heads as they subvocalizegoing through the mental processes of generating speech, but not actually triggering speech muscles or uttering sounds. As the piece unfolds, readers listen to this mental speech as if it were spoken aloud. What they hear is, in fact, their own voices saying your words, but saying them silently.Here is a fairly typical sentence. Try reading it silently and then out loud. It was the Boston Public Library, opened in 1852, that founded the American tradition of free public libraries open to all citizens. As you read the sentence you should notice a pause in the flow of words after Library and 1852 . . .. Breath units divide the information in the sentence into segments that readers subvocalize separately.(Joe Glaser, Understanding Style: Practical Ways to Improve Your Writing. Oxford Univ. Press, 1999) Subvocalizing and Reading Speed Most of us read by subvocalizing (saying to ourselves) the words in the text. Although subvocalizing can help us remember what we read, it limits how fast we can read. Because covert speech is not much faster than overt speech, subvocalization limits reading speed to the rate of speaking; we could read faster if we didnt translate printed words into speech-based code.(Stephen K. Reed, Cognition: Theories and Applications, 9th ed. Cengage, 2012)[R]eading theorists such as Gough (1972) believe that in high-speed fluent reading, subvocalizing does not actually happen because the speed of silent reading is faster than what would occur if readers said each word silently to themselves as they read. The silent reading speed for 12th graders when reading for meaning is 250 words per minute, whereas the speed for oral reading is only 150 words per minute (Carver, 1990). However, in beginning reading, when the word-recognition process is far slower than in skilled fluent reading, subvocalizati on . . . may be taking place because the reading speed is so much slower.(S. Jay Samuels Toward a Model of Reading Fluency. What Research Has to Say About Fluency Instruction, eds. S.J. Samuels and A.E. Farstrup. International Reading Assoc., 2006) Subvocalizing and Reading Comprehension [R]eading is message reconstruction (like reading a map), and for the most part comprehension of meaning depends on using all the cues available. Readers will be better decoders of meaning is they understand sentence structures and if they concentrate most of their processing ability on the extraction of meanings using both semantic and syntactic context in reading. Readers must check the validity of their predictions in reading by seeing whether they produced language structures as they know them and whether they make sense. . . .In summary, an adequate response in reading thus demands much more than the mere identification and recognition of the configuration of the written word.(Emerald Dechant, Understanding and Teaching Reading: An Interactive Model. Routledge, 1991)Subvocalization (or reading silently to oneself) cant in itself contribute to meaning or understanding any more than reading aloud can. Indeed, like reading aloud, subvocalization can only be accomplished with anythi ng like normal speed and intonation if it is preceded by comprehension. We dont listen to ourselves mumbling parts of words or fragments of phrases and then comprehend. If anything, subvocalization slows readers down and interferes with comprehension. The habit of subvocalization can be broken without loss of comprehension (Hardyck Petrinovich, 1970).(Frank Smith, Understanding Reading, 6th ed. Routledge, 2011)

Risk Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Management - Case Study Example The first concern area is the president and founder decision to hand shareholding to family members. This may be seen as a measure to safeguard the company’s interests and those of the main shareholders, it also poses significant threat as it limits the company’s access to additional capital, the assumption here being that any amounts that the company may have at the time are already committed to improving the business. Another eminent risk is the exposure of the company’s assets; as presented in the case, the company’s total assets are valued at 52.6 million dollars. In case these assets are destroyed by any type of occurrence, it would cost the company about $73.5 million to replace them. It is definite that such loss would also translate to a loss of significant information stored in the equipment. Other costs that the company should consider is through disruption - in any case, that there is such an eventuality the company’s operations will defi nitely be disrupted. The entire period of disruption represents a significant loss of company revenue. Yet another major point of concern is the company’s revenue. The case indicates that the company’s revenue has been on the rise for the past two years and dipped in the third year by a significant amount - 15 million. A quarter of this revenue is generated by a single employee, which implies that the firm is overly reliant on a single or a few individuals. This implies redundancy as well as inefficiency which are significant risks. The greatest risk in this case is the fact that if this individual leaves the company, then this hugely affects the company’s revenue stream (Hamilton, 2004). This will definitely have a spiral effect as the company operations rely on the revenue generated by its activities. The last significant threat to the company is loss of market share. The case indicates that the firm

Biopsychosocial Outcomes for Adopted Adolescents Essay

Biopsychosocial Outcomes for Adopted Adolescents - Essay Example This research will help to extend knowledge of adopted adolescent social interactions, and factors that may predict their relationship style. This will benefit adopted adolescent interventions to enhance their social functioning before adulthood. This study proposes to identify a set of biopsychosocial outcomes for North American adolescents who were adopted out as children, with regards to their socio-emotional functioning. Studies show that many orphaned children raised for a time within an institutional environment often experience hardships, such as neglect or maltreatment (van Ijzendoorn, Juffer, Klein Poelhius, 2005). The children tend also to have less opportunity to acquire and practice new skills which negatively impacts on their social and cognitive abilities in later life (van Ijzendoorn, Juffer, Klein Poelhius, 2005). Research supports the conclusion that as adults, adopted individuals are more likely to experience psychopathology, and or to have dysfunctional interpersonal relationships, both of which negate their ability to develop supportive networks, feelings of belongingness and positive self-concepts that allow them to be fully contributing members of a democratic society (Nicoloson, 2004; van Ijzendoorn, J uffer, Klein Poelhius, 2005), . Rutter (1990 as cited in van Ijzendoorn, Juffer, Klein Poelhius, 2005) suggested ... Juffer, Klein Poelhius, 2005) suggested that the orphaned child may accumulate risk factors within the institution that have negative developmental affects. Adoption may buffer these risk factors if the environment is a positive one. Many studies indicate that a number of adopted children may later exhibit a greater degree of socio-emotional problems (Hoksberger, ter Laak, van Dijkum, Rijk, Rijk, Stoutjesdijk, 2003). Literature exists that investigates biological, cognitive or social differences between adopted children or adults and their peers (Hoksberger et al., 2003; Nicoloson, 2004; Zilbertstein, 2006). However, there appears to be no studies that have explicitly explored the inter-relationship of these systems and their impact on the socio-emotional functioning of the adolescent. Adolescence is a period of change in which most adolescents choose to value as intimates and companions, selecting peers over parents (Freeman & Brown, 2001). Close relationships with peers throughout the teenage years have been associated with positive personal inter-relationships with social others in later life (Sommerville, 2003). Studies show that meaningful and balanced interpersonal social relationships contribute to high self-esteem, high levels of perceived well-being, greater satisfaction with occupational choices, and lowered risk of experiencing a psychopathology (Freeman & Brown, 2001; Sommerville, 2003).The proposed study will compare adopted adolescents with their peers on biological, cognitive and social measures, as defined by levels of cortisol, demonstrated language ability and attachment style. It is hypothesised that adopted adolescents who have high levels of cortisol will also exhibit restricted emotional language ability, an insecure or avoidant

English grammar Essay Example for Free

English grammar Essay Read the passage given below: and answer the questions a, b, c, and d that follow: [25] A list of queries on email asks recipients to name the world’s richest man in 2008; the winner of the world’s golf title in 2007; the designer of the first rockets; the manufacturer of the first bicycle and so on? building up a roll call of achievers who left their mark on mankind. It ended with, â€Å"Who was the teacher who helped you to enjoy school and whom you remember most vividly? † I don’t know a single recipient of the email who answered a single one of the questions except the last. In other words, everyone’s most unforgettable person was a supportiveand encouraging teacher whose wealth, fame and social standing mattered not at all. What the grateful student received was beyond evaluation because what the teacher gave most freely was the precious gift of the self. It was not just knowledge to pass an examination that they gave their students but an understanding of the value of knowledge itself and a love of it. Great teachers seek to form, not merely inform their students. Today, when teaching (especially teaching young children who have not learned to write) is no longer a coveted profession, I wish we could all pay a silent tribute to the many obscure men and women who shaped our lives and asked for so little in return. Surely, a good teacher deserves to be called a deva because the real meaning of the word is â€Å"the shining one†. Every year, choosing a day when it is not functioning, my cousin visits his old school. The building and compound are much the same as they were when he was a student, so the sense of stepping back into the past is powerful. He moves from classroom to classroom following the exact progression his student-graph had taken him more than half a century ago, and pays a silent tribute to each of the teachers, intensely recalling those impoverished gentlemen whose wardrobes had hardly held more than two shirts. What still moves him is the memory of the care they had taken in the lives and progress of every student, encouraging each of them and guiding every child to do his best and then some. A drop in concentration or performance led to the â€Å"master† calling on the child’s parents to enquire if there was something wrong at home which the child found disturbing or was unable to cope with; very few homes had phones in those days and even if they did, a school-teacher would certainly not have been able to afford a phone call. So, umbrella held high, he would walk those extra miles. My first teacher was a smiling and very gentle woman named Mrs. Delamose, whose name my brother and I repeated over and over again to get it right so that we might greet her correctly: â€Å"delamosedelamosedelamose†. I still recall her dark eyes, and charming crooked smile with faint streaks of lipstick out of place, as she led us through Songs the Letters Sing. She was a true teacher who believed that every single child is unique and that there is no such thing as an unintelligent child I owe my profession to her. a) Give the meaning of the following words as used in the passage: [3] 1. Supportive

Dark Matter :: physics science space

Missing Diagrams You, the computer you’re sitting at, the air you breathe, even the distant stars are all made up of protons electrons and neutrons. For a long time this ordinary matter, or what physicists like to call baryonic matter, was thought to be the main constitute of the universe. However, in the past twenty years evidence has been accumulating to the contrary, that in fact the universe is much stranger than ever thought of before and is almost entirely made up of something that we can’t see. For a long time astronomers weren’t concerned about the mass of objects that they couldn’t see. For example the earth is too small and dim to see from any great distance and all the planets in out solar system make up less than one percent of the total mass of the sun. However it soon became a concern when astronomers began to measure the mass of galactic clusters and it became apparent that there was a significant amount of matter unaccounted for. In the thirties, astronomers named Zwicky and Smith both examined closely two relatively nearby clusters, the Coma cluster and the Virgo cluster. They looked at the individual galaxies making up the clusters individually, and the velocities of the clusters. What they found was that the velocities of the galaxies were about a factor of ten to one hundred larger than they expected. In a cluster the main force is the gravitational pull of the galaxies on one another which gives rise to their velocities. By knowing the velocities of the galaxies the total mass of the cluster can be determined. If your web browser is Java-aware -- e.g., Netscape 2.0b or higher, try this experiment. It allows you to vary the mass inside a galaxy cluster, and watch the individual galaxies. Experiment I ( Courtesy of John's Homepage http://www.astro.queensu.ca/~dursi/dm-tutorial/dm1.html) Now like all observations there is a certain amount of error involved. In this case, watching the galaxies in a cluster takes years of observation and the velocities are hard to determine due to the expanse of the cluster. It’s not like the experiment were the dots are whizzing around. Also some of the galaxies measured may not be in the cluster but are just in the line of site of the telescope.

La Conciencia de la Mestiza Towards a New Consciousness

In this world of dualities—male-female, whites-other races, subject-object, self-society, among others—we are always confronted with identities. Essentially, these are struggles that co-exist, overlap, cascade and confront each other. Anzaldua’s concept of divided loyalties seeks to find the allies in the other, the Whites. The recognition of the truth is at the foremost of the consciousness call. Instead of disengaging or spreading animosity, Anzaldua aspires to transcend the world of dualities by engaging the â€Å"other† and creating something new out of this experience. Ultimately, I agree with Anzaldua’s concept of divided loyalties, specifically in the discussions on the duality of race.This paper seeks to present Anzaldua’s perspective of the new mestiza and her cognizance of the different struggles of dualities. This discussion will be followed by the discussion of divided loyalties and Anzaldua’s call towards acts of recogniti on and revisiting of buried truths that are indispensable features towards a more dignified humanity.Anzaldua’s argument inductively starts from a description of the self. The fact that the individual of the 21st century has her crisis of self-identity because of the problematic definition of boundaries is enshrined in the statement: â€Å"Because I, a mestiza/ continually walk out of one culture/and into another/ because I am in all cultures at the same time.† (Anzaldua 99) From this initial discussion the attempt to challenge the dualities of race and ultimately of identities is already surfacing. I also envision that this discussion is a vague description of the reality that every human being experience today—that of globalization, not only on the macro-level plane such as the political-economic sphere, but also on the level of the self.While â€Å"being in all cultures† seems like a very beautiful phenomenon, it is actually presented as a confrontatio n or struggle. The presence of different opposing cultural forces takes on the â€Å"self† as its battlefield. There is a clash happening within: â€Å"The ambivalence from the clash of voices results in mental and emotional states of perplexity†¦ The mestiza’s dual or multiple personality is plagued by psychic restlessness.† (100)Imagine this phenomenon of psychic restlessness taking place not just in a single person but collectively happening in commonly held boundaries such as race and culture. We then would have, what Anzaldua calls, un choque or a cultural collision. It is safe to assume that her understanding of un choque is comprehensive considering that she recognized that the struggle for collective identity takes its root on the struggle within the self.One might ask: why is an understanding of the iconic, self-identity-struggling mestiza essential in presenting an argument that would validate the concept of divided loyalties? Simply put the †Å"mestiza connection† is important because the struggle of the mestiza is a struggle of identity, a confrontation between mutually exclusive variables of cultures. Loyalties are given to defined boundaries of an identity; in this case, the boundary is culture. The dilemma of the mestiza lies in her multiple cultural boundaries. Most of the time, the mestiza identity is challenged by paradoxical cultural realities. Divided loyalties exist because of the constant redefinition of the self in the context of â€Å"conflicting information and points of view† (101). Why is there a tolerance for ambiguity? Anzaldua captures this in the statement: â€Å"Rigidity is death.† (101)The concept of divided loyalties elucidates the readers in the intricacies of the dualities of race. Before the â€Å"new consciousness†, people are consumed in the dualities of culture and race but Anzaldua recognized that without a transcendence of this bipolarization, a new consciousness will never be attained. The dual and mutually exclusivist nature of culture is fertile soil for hostility and animosity. The concept of divided loyalties is unique in such a way that the other (i.e. Whites) is perceived as allies instead of enemies.This is what I would call the â€Å"recognition of allies outside the boundaries of our identity.† Next to this recognition is the others’ revisiting of truths that were denied, forgotten or disregarded. Anzaldua affirms this by stating: â€Å"We need you to accept the fact that Chicanos are different, to acknowledge your rejection and negation of us. We need you to own the fact that you looked upon us as less than human, that you stole our lands, our personhood, our self-respect†¦ by taking back the collective shadow, the intra-cultural split will heal.† (107-108).While there is an attempt to seek for allies in â€Å"others† (i.e. enemies), there is also the need for revisiting past injustices. Without re visiting them, there would be reconciliation for the clashes, the un choque, within and without the self. Anzaldua’s call for an acknowledgement of mistakes and recognition of White allies might seem to be an anomalous response to the clash of cultures and yet ushering in a new consciousness calls for a new approach, a possible paradigmatic shift.It is tempting to assume that Anzaldua’s thoughts focus on the differences among the different dualities. The concept of divided loyalties is evidence supporting this fact. It is interesting to understand that divided loyalties show only one side of the multi-faceted and dynamic relation of identities and cultural boundaries. Crucial to the act of defining what makes different groups or individuals unique is also the act of finding the sameness co-existing among these differences.While there is the duality of Anglo and the Mexican, there is also the opposing identities and social constructions based on sexes. Male dominance fe atures strongly in Anzaldua’s discussions. The configurations of identities are complex that an area of sameness (i.e. Mexican culture) can also have independent elements that show differences (i.e. Mexican men and Mexican women). More importantly than posing the question what makes us different, is asking what makes us the same?The mestiza capability of â€Å"walking in and out of different cultures† can present a danger namely having a divided loyalty. Conversely, this same ability of the mestiza enables her to identify with others that are different by probing and looking into boundaries that are common denominators in different cultures. Of the Mexican-Indian difference, sameness can be found. Anzaldua writes, â€Å"It is imperative that mestizas support each other in changing the sexist elements in the Mexican-Indian culture. As long as woman is put down, the Indian and the Black   in all of us is put down. The struggle of the mestiza is above all a feminist on e.† (106).Despite the concept of divided loyalties and the conventional behavior of animosity towards the other, Anzaldua emphasizes on creating avenues of action that would highlight sameness in the midst of differences. This phenomenon actually transfigures the mestiza into someone transcendent of her boundaries. I allude to this as â€Å"reaching out to humanity.†One undeniably appropriate example for divided loyalties is the struggle of indigenous people, specifically Native American Indians, for their identity which is juxtaposed with the desire to belong to the American way of life. Ideally, one might pursue a life exclusively rooted in indigenous cultural identity or to embrace the American dream which leaves indigenous lifestyles behind. Surprisingly, Native American Indians show a hybridization of ideas and cultures. Some might call it a post-modern worldview—taking in, reinterpreting, reimagining and redefining the world and the self as one pleases. Cle arly, when an individual or the collective consciousness of a culture aspires for such hybridization, loyalties are automatically compromised or divided.It is important to reiterate that this new consciousness and new identity should not be seen in a negative way. In spite of the challenges to the indigenous peoples of the world, their identities thrive. Remember, â€Å"Rigidity is death.†Another example for divided loyalties is the diffused way of looking at things, as if we â€Å"have all melted in the pot, but haven’t.† (108). It is a conventional way of thinking for the rest of the world to abhor the US. Americanism, in a cultural sense, is largely detested. Politically, the US remains the world’s hegemonic power although many Americans would deny this as a fact. While Anzaldua does not point this out, the world has become an American mestiza. The countries of the world look at themselves and their clear-cut boundaries of identity are prominent.Howeve r, under this presupposition is the subtle trend towards Americanism, as evident in the world’s knowledge of American culture, love of Brangelina, desire for the American dream, skill of the English language, use of American technology, among other things. While the countries of the world quintessentially retain their identity, the majority have collectively fallen into the concept of divided loyalties. The countries still have their identities, but they take on new forms, they have the ability for mutually exclusive concepts such as nationalism diffuse with Americanism or internationalism.One might consider that the new consciousness ushered is a necessary embrace of the minorities towards its melting into the greater majority. Ironically, the melting happens, and yet the inimitable identities of the selves remain. While Anzaldua believes in compromise such as finding White allies to further the cause of minorities, and the concept of divided loyalties might show how one exc lusive boundary of identity can melt into the boundaries of another, her idea of a new consciousness still recognizes the legitimacy of the struggle of the less powerful. Talking in terms of race, this implies minority-majority conflictions that would need to be addressed. Furthermore, Anzaldua does not conform to passivity in the midst of constant changing of forms. This is indicated in the statement: â€Å"This land was Mexican once/ was Indian always/ and is./ And will be again.† (113).Divided loyalties exist because the boundaries of identities (both of the self and the collective) are no longer defined structures. Conflicting realities will never co-exist, albeit the mestiza has the capacity to transcend its dualities. While divided loyalties can be a threat to the self, it is capable of bringing forth a new beauty of a newly defined identity.Bibliography:Gloria, Anzaldua. â€Å"La Conciencia de la Mestiza, Towards a New Consciousness† Borderlands, La Frontera: Th e New Mestiza. 2nd Edition. Aunt Lute Books:

Dover Beach

George 1 Joshua George Instructor Sarah Poffenroth EN 115 23 October 2012 Essay Two: The theme of ‘Illusion versus Reality’ in Matthew Arnold’s ‘Dover Beach’ ‘Dover Beach’ is a poem by the English poet Matthew Arnold. The locale of the poem is the English ferry port of Dover Kent, facing Calais, France. This was the place where Matthew Arnold honeymooned in 1851 (Wikipedia Contributors).In Matthew Arnold’s ‘Dover Beach’, the speaker draws visual imagery to show that what is generally perceived is false and hence an illusion, and he contrasts it using aural imagery to show what is truly real, the bitter reality of losing faith in one’s tradition, culture, and religion. The poem is unevenly divided into four stanzas. The first stanza has fourteen lines, whereas the second, third, and fourth have six, eight, and nine lines, respectively. Ruth Pitman calls this poem a series of incomplete sonnets (109).The poem has no particular rhyme scheme except for stanza four which follows the rhyme scheme- abbacddcc. The events described in the poem allude to the Victorian Era (1837-1901) (Wikipedia Contributors), which was a time of industrialization and introduction of scientific theories and ideas such as the Theory of Evolution which questioned major principles of Christianity. Some critics say that the speaker in the poem is Matthew Arnold himself because the location where the events in the poem take place isGeorge 2 Dover beach, where Arnold went for honeymoon with his wife. The poem is thought to be composed in 1851 and that is the year when Arnold honeymooned (Wikipedia Contributors). The speaker paints visual imagery of the scene in lines 1-8. Words such as ‘calm’ and ‘tranquil’ create an image of stability whereas words such as ‘glimmering’ and ‘vast’ describe the visual beauty of the scene. The first stanza also uses words like ‘roarâ €™ and ‘tremulous cadence’ to draw an aural image of the scene.Notice the contrast Arnold draws by using visual and aural imagery; the former expresses illusion (calm, beautiful, tranquil, etc. ) and the latter expresses reality (tremulous cadence) which induces sadness. The beginning of the first stanza describes the beauty of ‘Dover beach’. Midway through the stanza, the speaker invites his love (mentioned in stanza four) to ‘come to the window’ (line 6) and listen to the grating roar of the pebbles. By saying ‘come to the window’ the speaker wants his love to see things from his perspective.Alternatively, it could also mean looking at things closely as implied by lines seven and eight where the speaker mentions that ‘only, from the long line of spray where the sea meets the moon-blanched land’ (the shore) can you hear the ‘grating roar of pebbles’. The sound made by the pebbles when it is drawn and flung by waves, creates a note of sadness in the speaker’s heart. The first stanza shows the incompatibility between what is perceived and what is truly real. The material things of the world are in a way an illusion created by the world but the truth can be only known when we closely inspect everything.By introducing Sophocles (Greek playwright) in the second stanza, the speaker wants to emphasize the fact that he is not the only one to experience sadness induces by the sound of pebbles tossed about by the waves which ‘brought into his (Sophocles’) mind the turbid ebb and George 3 flow of human misery’ (lines 17-18). The speaker feels the same. This poem was written in the Victorian Era. It was a time of industrialization, economic prosperity and introduction of scientific ideas such as ‘Darwin’s Evolution Theory’ which made people question tradition, culture, and religion.People lost all their faith; though on the outside they seemed calm, happy and in control, the speaker feels that deep down inside they all experienced sadness due to their lack of faith (stanza 3). In the third stanza, the speaker talks about faith. The speaker feels that people used to be full of faith but due to the modern age and its ideas, people have lost their faith in tradition, culture, and religion. The speaker illustrates this by using the image of clothes. When people had faith in religion, the world used to be clothed (Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled).Once they lost their faith, they were stripped of these clothes like ‘naked shingles of the earth’. Thus, the third stanza brings out the bitter reality of that time. Depressed by the condition of humans the speaker turns to his lover and wants them to be true to one another. Stanza four brings back the illusion presented in stanza one. The speaker says, â€Å"For the world, which seems to lie before us like a land of dreams, so various, so beautiful, so new , hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain† (lines 30-34).Here the word ‘seems’ implies that the world isn’t what it is normally perceived (it is an illusion) as (land of dreams, beautiful etc. ) but it has bitter reality attached to it. This melancholy awareness of the poet is put perfectly by Rodney Delasanta; he wrote, â€Å"The theme of the poem (the poet’s melancholy awareness of the terrible incompatibility between illusion and reality) is supported by the use of visual imagery to express illusion and auditory imagery to express reality† (1). George 4 H.Wayne Schow points out an interesting thing; the phraseology of the poem is similar to Romans 8:38-39, where Paul writes: For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the l ove of God. This shows that Arnold knew the Bible well. He could have used it deliberately to contrast the piece of scripture from Romans to emphasize the current state of humankind (27).Arnold’s â€Å"Dover Beach† uses imagery, symbolism, and other poetic devices to reveal the theme of illusion versus reality. Throughout the poem we can see the speaker’s struggle which is well supported by the inconsistent rhythm and meter. The speaker beautifully describes it by using visual imagery to express illusions and aural imagery to express harsh reality. The speaker expresses his desire to have faith and be honest with his love but towards the end of the poem slides back to pessimism due to the realization of the reality. George 5 Works Cited Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"Victorian era.   Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"Dover Beach. †Ã‚  Wikipedia, The Free Enc yclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 17 Sep. 2012. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Pitman, Ruth. â€Å"On Dover Beach. † Essays in Criticism. XXIII (1973): 109-136. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Schow, H. Wayne. â€Å"Arnold’s Dover Beach. † The Explicator. (1998): 26-27. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Delasanta, Rodney. Explicator. XVIII (1959): 1. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Fain, John T. â€Å"Arnold’s Dover Beach. † (2002): 40-42. Web. 23 Oct. 2012.

Living With Ulcerative Colitis essays

Living With Ulcerative Colitis essays Ulcerative Colitis affects the Large Intestine (Colon) The colon is part of the digestive tract. When food is ingested it goes through the mouth, down the esophagus, to the stomach, then to the small intestine, which empties into the large intestine. The large intestine, averaging three feet in length, absorbs nutrients and water from food as it pushes it along toward the rectum. Once the food, now a waste product, reaches the rectum it is eliminated in the form of a bowel movement. How Ulcerative Colitis affects the Colon Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the top layers of the lining of the colon. The inflammation usually occurs in the rectum and lower part of the colon, but it may affect the entire colon. Ulcerative colitis rarely affects the small intestine except for the lower section, called the ileum. Ulcerative colitis may also be called colitis, ileitis, or proctitis. The inflammation makes the colon empty frequently, causing diarrhea. Ulcers form in places where the inflammation has killed colon lining cells; the ulcers bleed and produce pus and mucus. It is not quite understood what causes Ulcerative Colitis. There is one theory that suggests that the bodys immune system reacts to a bacteria or virus, which causes continuous inflammation in the colon. Ulcerative Colitis Ulcerative Colitis causes fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, blood in stools, and loss of bodily nutrients and fluids. About half of the people with Ulcerative Colitis only experience these mild symptoms; the other half will also suffer from abdominal pain, fever, nausea, severe bloody diarrhea, and an urgent need to use the bathroom. Some people also encounter problems with arthritis, eye inflammation, liver disease, osteoporosis, skin rashes, anemia, a...

Saul Alinsky

Saul Alinsky Saul Alinsky was a political activist and organizer whose work on behalf of poor residents of American cities brought him recognition in the 1960s. He published a book, Rules For Radicals, which appeared in the heated political environment of 1971  and went on to become familiar over the years mostly to those who study political science. Alinsky, who died in 1972, was perhaps destined to fade into obscurity. Yet his name unexpectedly surfaced  with some degree of prominence during high-profile political campaigns in recent years. Alinskys  reputed influence as an organizer has been wielded as a weapon against current political figures, most notably Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. Alinsky was known to many  in the 1960s. In 1966 the New York Times Magazine published a profile of him titled Making Trouble Is Alinskys Business, a lofty credential for any social activist at the time. And his involvement in various actions, including strikes and protests, received media coverage. Hillary Clinton, as a student at Wellesley College, wrote a senior thesis about Alinskys activism and writings. When she ran for president in 2016 she was attacked for supposedly being a disciple of Alinsky, despite having disagreed with some of the tactics he advocated. Despite the negative attention Alinsky has received in recent years, he was generally respected in his own time. He worked with clergymen and business owners and in his writings and speeches, he stressed self-reliance. Though a self-proclaimed radical, Alinsky  considered himself a patriot and urged Americans to take greater responsibility in society. Those who worked with him recall a man with a sharp mind and a sense of humor who was genuinely concerned with helping those who, he believed, were not being treated fairly in society. Early Life Saul David Alinsky was born in Chicago, Illinois, on January 30, 1909. His parents, who were Russian Jewish immigrants, divorced when he was 13, and Alinsky moved to Los Angeles with his father. He returned to Chicago to attend the University of Chicago, and received a degree in archaeology in 1930. After winning a fellowship to continue his education, Alinsky studied criminology. In 1931, he began to work for the Illinois state government as a sociologist studying topics including juvenile delinquency and organized crime. That work provided a practical education in the problems of urban neighborhoods in the depths of the Great Depression. Activism After several years, Alinsky left his government post to become involved in citizen activism. He co-founded an organization, the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, which was focused on bringing about political reform that would improve life in the ethnically diverse neighborhoods adjacent to the famous Chicago stockyards. The organization worked with clergy members, union officials, local business owners, and neighborhood groups to combat problems such as unemployment, insufficient housing, and juvenile delinquency. The Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, which still exists today, was largely successful in bringing attention to local problems and seeking solutions from the Chicago city government. Following that progress, Alinsky, with funding from the Marshall  Field Foundation, a prominent Chicago charity, launched a more ambitious organization, the Industrial Areas Foundation. The new organization was intended to bring organized action to a variety of neighborhoods in Chicago. Alinsky, as executive director, urged citizens to organize to address grievances. And he advocated protest actions. In 1946, Alinsky published his first book Reveille For Radicals. He argued that democracy would function best if people organized in groups, generally in their own neighborhoods. With organization and leadership, they could then exert political power in positive ways. Though Alinsky proudly used the term radical, he was advocating legal protest within the existing system. In the late 1940s, Chicago experienced racial tensions, as African Americans who had migrated from the South began to settle in the city. In December 1946 Alinskys status as an expert on Chicagos social issues was reflected in an article in the New York Times in which he expressed his fears that Chicago might erupt in major race riots. In 1949 Alinsky published a second book, a biography of John L. Lewis, a prominent labor leader. In a New York Times review of the book, the newspapers labor correspondent called it entertaining and lively, but criticized it for overstating Lewiss desire to challenge Congress and various presidents.   Spreading His Ideas Throughout the 1950s, Alinsky continued his work in trying to improve neighborhoods which he believed mainstream society was ignoring. He began to travel beyond Chicago, spreading his style of advocacy, which centered on protest actions which would pressure, or embarrass, governments to tend to critical issues. As the social changes of the 1960s began to shake America, Alinsky was often critical of young activists. He constantly urged them to organize, telling them that although it was often boring daily work, it would provide benefits in the long run. He told young people not to wait around for a leader with charisma to emerge, but to get involved themselves. As the United States grappled with the problems of poverty and slum neighborhoods, Alinskys ideas seemed to hold promise. He was invited to organize in the barrios of California as well as in poor neighborhoods in cities in upstate New York. Alinsky was often critical of government anti-poverty programs and often found himself at odds with Great Society programs of Lyndon Johnsons administration. He also experienced conflicts with organizations who had invited him to participate in their own anti-poverty programs. In 1965, Alinskys abrasive nature was one of the reasons Syracuse University chose to cut ties with him. In a newspaper interview at the time, Alinsky said: Ive never treated anyone with reverence. That goes for religious leaders, mayors, and millionaires. I think irreverence is basic to a free society. The New York Times Magazine article about him, published on October 10, 1966, quoted what Alinsky would often say to those he sought to organize: The only way to upset the power structure is to goad them, confuse them, irritate them, and most of all, make them live by their own rules. If you make them live by their own rules, youll destroy them. The October 1966 article also described his tactics: In a quarter-century as a professional slum organizer, Alinsky, who is 57, has goaded, confused, and infuriated the power structures of two score communities. In the process he has perfected what social scientists now call Alinsky-type protest, an explosive mixture of rigid discipline, brilliant showmanship, and a street fighters instinct for ruthlessly exploiting his enemys weakness.Alinsky has proved that the fastest way for slum tenants to get results is to picket their landlords suburban homes with signs reading: Your Neighbor Is A Slumlord. As the 1960s went on, Alinskys tactics delivered mixed results, and some localities which had invited were disappointed. In 1971 he published Rules For Radicals, his third and final book. In it, he provides advice for political action and organizing. The book is written in his distinctively irreverent voice, and is filled with entertaining stories that illustrate the lessons he learned over decades of organizing in various communities. On June 12, 1972, Alinsky  died of a heart attack at his home in Carmel, California. Obituaries noted his long career as an organizer. Emergence as a Political Weapon After Alinskys death, some organizations he worked with continued. And Rules For Radicals  became something of a textbook for those interested in community organizing. Alinsky himself, however, generally faded from memory, especially when compared to other figures Americans recalled from the socially turbulent 1960s. The relative obscurity of Alinsky abruptly  ended when Hillary Clinton entered electoral politics. When her opponents discovered that she had written her thesis on Alinsky, they became eager to link her to the long-dead self-professed radical. It was true that Clinton, as a college student, had corresponded with Alinsky, and had written a thesis about his work (which purportedly disagreed with his tactics). At one point, a young Hillary Clinton was even invited to work for Alinsky. But she tended to believe that his tactics were too outside the system, and she chose to attend law school rather than join one of his organizations. The weaponizing of Alinskys reputation accelerated when Barack Obama ran for president in 2008. His few years as a community organizer in Chicago seemed to mirror Alinskys career. Obama and Alinsky never had any contact, of course, as Alinsky died when Obama was not yet in his teens. And the organizations Obama worked for were not those founded by Alinsky. In the 2012 campaign, the name of Alinsky surfaced again as an attack against President Obama as he ran for reelection. And in 2016, at the Republican National Convention, Dr. Ben Carson invoked Alinsky in a peculiar accusation against Hillary Clinton. Carson claimed that Rules For Radicals had been dedicated to Lucifer, which was not accurate. (The book was dedicated to Alinskys wife, Irene; Lucifer was mentioned in passing in a series of epigraphs pointing out historic traditions of protest.) The emergence of Alinskys reputation as essentially a smear tactic to use against political opponents has only given him great prominence, of course. HIs two instructional books, Reveille for Radicals and Rules For Radicals remain in print in paperback editions. Given his irreverent sense of humor, he would probably consider the attacks upon his name from the radical right to be a great compliment. And his legacy as someone who sought to shake up the system seems secure.